Renaissance |
Later Middle Ages |
|
Philosophy: Humanism – Emphasis
on secular concerns due to rediscovery and study of ancient Greco-Roman
culture. |
Religion
dominates Medieval thought. Scholasticism:
Thomas Aquinas – reconciles Christianity with Aristotelian science. |
|
Ideal: ·
Virtù – Renaissance Man should be well-rounded (Castiglione) |
Ideal: ·
Man is well-versed in one subject. |
|
Literature: ·
Humanism; secularism ·
Northern Renaissance focuses also on writings of early church fathers ·
Vernacular (e.g. Petrarch, Boccacio) ·
Covered wider variety of subjects (politics, art, short stories) ·
Focused on the individual ·
Increased use of printing press; propaganda |
Literature: ·
Based almost solely on religion. ·
Written in Latin ·
Church was greatest patron of arts and literature. ·
Little political criticism. ·
Hand-written |
|
Religion: ·
The state is supreme to the church. ·
“New Monarchs” assert power over national churches. ·
Rise of skepticism ·
Renaissance popes worldly and corrupt |
Religion: · Dominated politics; sought unified Christian Europe. · Church is supreme to the state. ·
Inquisition started in 1223; dissenters dealt with harshly |
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Sculpture: ·
Greek and Roman classical influences. ·
Free-standing (e.g. Michelangelo’s David) ·
Use of bronze (e.g. Donatello’s David) |
Sculpture: ·
More gothic; extremely detailed. ·
Relief |
|
Art: · Increased emphasis on secular themes. ·
Classic Greek and Roman ideals. ·
Use of perspective. ·
chiaroscuro ·
Increased use of oil paints. ·
Brighter colors ·
More emotion ·
Real people and settings depicted. ·
Patronized largely by merchant princes ·
Renaissance popes patronized renaissance art |
Art: ·
Gothic style ·
Byzantine style dominates; nearly totally religious. ·
Stiff, 1-dimentional figures. ·
Less emotion ·
Stylized faces (faces look generic) ·
Use of gold to illuminate figures. ·
Lack of perspective. ·
Lack of chiaroscuro ·
Patronized mostly by the church |
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Architecture: · Rounded arches, clear lines; Greco-Roman columns · Domes (e.g. Il Duomo by Brunelleschi) ·
Less detailed ·
Focus on balance and form |
Architecture: ·
Gothic style ·
Pointed arches; barrel vaults, spires ·
Flying buttresses ·
Elaborate detail |
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Technology: ·
Use of printing press ·
New inventions for exploration |
Technology: ·
Depended on scribes |
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Marriage and Family: · Divorce available in certain cases· More prostitution·
Marriages based more on romance. ·
Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castiglione) ·
Sexual double standard ·
Increased infanticide |
Marriage and
Family: ·
Divorce nonexistent ·
Marriages arranged for economic reasons. ·
Prostitution in urban areas ·
Ave. age for men: mid-late twenties ·
Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old. ·
Church encouraged cult of paternal care. ·
Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage. ·
Manners shaped men to please women. ·
Relative sexual equality |
|
Status of
Women: ·
Legal status of women declined. ·
Most women not affected by Renaissance ·
Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men. ·
Rape not considered serious crime. |
Status of Women: ·
Legal status better than in Renaissance |
Politics:
·
State is supreme over the church. ·
New Monarchs assert control over national churches. ·
Machiavelli |
Politics: ·
Church is supreme over the state. |
African slavery introduced. |
Few blacks lived in Europe. |
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Exploration and expansion. |
Crusades |